Category: Cattle Health

Are you interested in learning about the dairy industry in Pakistan? Have you heard about the introduction of Dutch dairy cattle to Pakistan? In this blog post, we’ll take a look at the impact these cows have had on the country’s dairy industry and how they are helping to modernize and improve it.

Introduction to Dutch Dairy Cattle in Pakistan

Pakistan has taken a major step forward in the dairy sector with the introduction of Dutch Heifers from CowEx – Cloud. These world-class dairy cattle provide an opportunity to boost the country’s growing dairy sector. The Government of Pakistan has adopted policies to facilitate the involvement of private sector in the Pakistani dairy chain. This will help share expertise between Dutch and Pakistani farming systems and support sustainable food production in the future.

Most of Pakistan’s dairy animals are found in Punjab and Sindh, which contribute 57% and 25% respectively. Five milk producing provinces including Balochistan, Khyber Pakhtunkhwa, Azad Jammu Kashmir, Islamabad Capital Territory and Gilgit-Baltistan also have dairy farms. In August 2020, Flanders made an effort to connect Dutch farmers with those participating in Pakistan’s dairy industry.

Nutrient efficiency is a key factor for optimal performance in dairy farming. The Netherlands has some of the highest productivity growth in agricultural land within the European Union (EU). Dutch cows also have high animal welfare standards due to their use of animal manure.

Dairy farming plays an important role in providing food security for developing countries like Pakistan. It is estimated that 70% of livestock owners own fewer than five animals, making it difficult for them to access markets or benefit from economies of scale. With proper investment and policy support, these small-scale farmers can improve their livelihoods by expanding their operations and reaping greater benefits

History of the Dutch Dairy Cattle in Pakistan

Pakistan is increasingly relying on Dutch breeding cattle to meet their high demand for quality dairy products. For over 11 years, Arabian traders have been importing Indo-Pakistani zebu cattle from the Netherlands. This has been a major factor in the growth of the Pakistani dairy industry, which now boasts 8 million farming households and a total herd size of 50 million animals.

The majority of these farmers are not linked to formal markets, meaning that they are unable to access world-class Dutch dairy cattle. This presents a unique opportunity for them, as the Netherlands is renowned for producing some of the highest quality milk-producing cows in the world – such as their famous Holstein Friesian breeds. In addition, thousands of people living in rural Pakistan rely on livestock as a main source of income – providing an additional incentive for them to take advantage of this opportunity.

In order to ensure that Pakistani farmers can make the most out of this situation, many experts have been travelling from Turkey to Pakistan to offer training in advanced dairy farming practices. This has helped contribute towards an increase in cow milk production from 20.903 thousand tonnes in 2019/20 to 21.288 thousand tonnes in 2020/21 – a rise which further highlights the potential that Dutch cattle can have on Pakistan’s growing dairy sector.

Characteristics of Dutch Dairy Cattle

Dutch cows are known for their pliable non-pendulous udders, which are firmly attached with strong suspensory ligaments near the vulva region. This has enabled them to produce high levels of milk yield, leading to a genetic gain (In breeding value) of 1.8 after the first selection generation. In light of this, Ummah Dairy Farm in Pakistan is taking advantage of this opportunity by importing Dutch Heifers from CowEx – Cloud.

The success of specialised dairy farms depends on various farmer characteristics and farm strategies such as nutrient management and performance. The Netherlands excels in these areas and is renowned for its world-famous Dutch Holstein Friesian cows. These cows are horned and weigh around 500 kgs on average, with some rustic traits being maintained by European Holstein-Friesian cows such as Dutch and Irish strains. The average farm size of a Dutch dairy farm will increase from 101 to 139 dairy cows in the basic scenario. Additionally, Wageningen University & Research stands out as a leader in research related to dairy farming, making sure that only 11% of dairy farms make recordings in the Dutch National Recording system.

Benefits of Dutch Dairy Cattle for Pakistani Farmers

Pakistan’s dairy sector is experiencing exciting growth and development, with the introduction of world-class Dutch dairy cattle offering unique opportunities for trade, cooperation, and development between the two countries. The Environmental Controlled Housing (ECH) Dairy Farm is a new revolution in Pakistan’s dairy sector that will create analysis and sustainable socio-economic benefits. Additionally, a concerted effort from the Pakistan-NDDC to improve quality and productivity throughout the Pakistani dairy chain is underway. With public and private support for Dutch dairy farming practices, Pakistan is poised to take advantage of higher-producing American breeds through their adoption of intensive production practices.

Dairy farming has been deeply embedded in Pakistani rural life for generations, with milk being an integral part of the socio-economic fibre. Trade relaxation between the two countries will provide access to high standard Dutch cattle markets; as the Netherlands are seen as the cradle of modern dairy cattle breeding. The potential benefits include lower culling rates, leading to fewer replacements and thus a higher income; more fertile and healthier cows; higher fats and proteins in milk production; as well as improved production and longevity.

Challenges Faced by Pakistani Farmers in Raising Dutch Dairy Cattle

Pakistan is looking to import high-quality dairy cattle, mostly Holstein Friesian, from the Netherlands. This provides the country with a unique opportunity to develop its dairy industry. A recent study of 108 randomly selected Dutch dairy herds showed that a structural approach could improve cow-claw health on these farms. This move is also beneficial for farmers in Pakistan, as most of them are smallholders who keep mainly buffaloes intensively and semi-intensively for meat and dairy production. The proposed pre-feasibility also encourages farmers to increase milk production through modern farm management practices. In addition, the culling of older dairy cows is encouraged to provide beef and high-quality feeder cattle. The research results are available in a Dutch publication which promotes innovation in agriculture by providing insight into successful farming practices.

Cost and Price of Dutch Dairy Cattle

The Dutch Holstein Friesian cow has become a profitable choice for small scale and commercial farmers in Pakistan. This is due to the accessibility of world-class Dutch genetics from CowEx – Cloud, which is a leading supplier of dairy cattle in the country. However, the economic, environmental and social sustainability of Dutch dairy farms have come at the cost of lower welfare for dairy cows in the long term.

Research on 110 dairy cattle farms in the district of Sargodha, Pakistan indicated that while milk prices had a positive relationship with farm size, there was an increase in rates of lameness and laminitis. This suggests that pursuing higher yields comes at the cost of lower welfare for dairy cows in the long term. On average, a Dutch dairy farm will increase from 101 to 139 cows according to current projections.

Wageningen University & Research is actively involved with 19,000 member dairy farms both locally and abroad. This has created a ‘tense’ market due to an increasing gap between farmgate milk prices and live cattle prices within the country. Additionally, productivity of animals in Pakistan compared to other countries is relatively low as demonstrated by SWOT analysis for the Dairy Industry and various other projects throughout the sector.

Milk Production from the Dutch Breed in Pakistan

Pakistan’s demand for Dutch dairy cattle is growing due to the high-quality production of milk, fats and proteins they can provide. The average lifetime production of a Dutch Holstein Frisian cow is 30,999 kg of milk per year with 2.443 kg of fat and protein. To meet this increasing demand, Cloud Agri Pakistan (Pvt.) Ltd recently held a pre-launch event to introduce the breed to customers in Pakistan.

The Government of Pakistan has begun operations with 100 cows that are expected to produce 838,040 litres of milk in their first year. This will help contribute to the 65 million litres of cow and buffalo milk produced annually by Pakistani farmers. With the proper hygiene, nutrition and care, cows that produce more milk using less feed can help improve dairy farmers around the country’s bottom line.

To further support Pakistani dairy farmers, the Dutch agriculture sector has been providing breeding values based on their own system for livestock selection. This will help ensure that lower-yielding cows are not a part of Pakistan’s national production efforts. With this support from the Netherlands, Pakistani dairy farmers can look forward to higher yields and increased profitability for years to come.

Breeding Strategies for the Optimal Use of the Breed

Cattle production and breeding management in Asia is an important factor for dairy and food production. To maximize genetic potential, two main strategies can be employed: selective breeding within a breed and crossbreeding among different breeds. A great example of this is the Dutch-Friesian cattle breed, which has been bred to produce large amounts of milk due to its genetic potential. India is home to a vast array of livestock species and breeds, with some of the best cattle and buffaloes in the world. In Kenya, the most populous dairy cattle breed is found primarily in the country’s rural areas. Breeding schemes for dairy cattle are also being implemented in developing countries, with milk yield being a high priority trait. Crossbreeding can be used to create first crosses that are capable of producing more milk than pure-bred cows, making them an ideal choice for improving production levels. Proper classification of cattle breeds can aid our understanding of their genetic merits and enable us to choose the optimal strategy for increasing yields and improving overall productivity.

Availability and Accessibility to Veterinary Services for the Breed

The livestock sector in Pakistan is dominated by private farms and milk production, with water buffaloes, cattle, sheep, goats and poultry flocks maintained for research and production. The Farms Block has a well-equipped hatchery which provides poor farmers with better access to animal-health services. Veterinary Services play a key role in food safety and welfare, such as working animals and dairy cattle production. Cattle Breeders Associations are important for bovine health management, with the introduction of synthetic hormones for ES veterinary service and experts. The monthly cost of Extension and Veterinary Services is estimated at 130$. Competition from continuing public service veterinarians is a challenge in specialising into dairy farming.

Marketing Strategies Used by Farmers to Sell Products Obtained from the Breed

The industrialization of the dairy cattle sector has been an important driver of economic growth in the EU since the 1950s. This process has seen a shift from small-scale, family-owned farms to larger operations, with 31 main dairy processors now operating on the EU market. This shift has also changed the employment landscape within the sector, with cattle and crops farms now employing a much larger share of regional labor than before. As well as providing increased economic benefits for those regions, this increase in scale has also given farmers access to more modern technology and practices that have helped to improve efficiency and yields.

Impact on Local Economy Due to Farming with Dutch Dairy Cattle

The EU agricultural sector is largely shaped by the Dutch dairy industry, which has developed from a late-medieval local selective breeding of cattle to an export of dairy products and fattened cattle. Wild aurochs also have had an influence on the sector. The costs of mastitis in dairy cattle are one of the greatest economic burdens, as quantified by Tiwari et al., and these costs can be reduced at farm level through investments in large dairy farms. The COVID-19 pandemic has caused a significant downturn in Pakistan’s economy, although investments in imported dairy cows may help to revive it. Beef production remains the main focus of the livestock industry but interest in dairy farming is growing. According to government statistics, there are 1.7 million farms across Europe with 23.5 million dairy cows producing an average milk yield per cow. The Netherlands is home to 1.58 million cows and calves and produces 14 billion kg of milk each year. Lameness is one of the most irritating problems facing dairy farmers as it leads to poor animal welfare and economic losses. Dairy farming has come under fire from animal welfare activists who point out that intensive animal husbandry causes health issues for cows.

Recommended Feeding and Care Practices For Optimal Health and Productivity of The Breed

Dairy cows require special care during the post-calving period, as this is when many welfare issues arise. To ensure optimal animal health and productivity, best farming practices should be implemented, such as providing alternative feed resources and using biorational pesticides to control vector-borne diseases. A survey was conducted in the Netherlands to assess the effectiveness of fresh cow management on economic performance. Results showed that innovative horizontal fans improved beef cattle health and production, while a commercial diet was developed for animal products and human health. These strategies are essential for maintaining a healthy dairy system and improving productivity across the continent. Furthermore, aflatoxin-contaminated feed can negatively affect the health of dairy cattle.

Conclusion

Pakistan is known for having a large number of dairy animals, and dairy farming plays an important role in the nation’s economy. The Dutch Holstein Friesian cow breed is an ideal breed for Pakistani farmers, offering economic, environmental and social sustainability. This breed has been found to be highly effective in terms of artificial insemination and nutrient management planning. It also leads to high quality food production such as meat and milk.

The Nili-Ravi buffaloes native to Pakistan are particularly prone to reproductive failure, leading to economic losses. However, by implementing a calving interval specific to the dairy industry, these losses can be minimized. Additionally, a focus on small-scale dairy farming can help uplift the socioeconomic conditions of resource-poor communities in the Province of Punjab. Finally, a successful dairy marketing system is essential for achieving optimal results from this sector of the economy.

Are you a dairy farmer looking for ways to increase your cow’s milk production? Are you searching for natural, sustainable solutions? If so, this blog post has the answers. We’ll discuss the best techniques to naturally increase cow milk production and keep your herd healthy.

Understand the Production Cycle

Maximising milk production is essential for dairy farms to increase their return on investment. Thyroprotein feeding is a good way to increase milk production and butter fat percentage for 2 to 4 months. Switching your herd from 2× to 3× milking can yield 7.7 lbs more milk per cow per day, and you can realize 85% of that increase. Over-conditioning of cows during late lactation or the dry period may reduce total feed intake at next freshening, so it’s important to manage this carefully. Cows only produce milk after they have given birth, and they must give birth to one calf per year in order to continue producing. In addition, research has shown that exposing dairy cows to 16-18 hours of light can help increase milk production. The optimum lactation period for a cow in India is 305 days.

Develop a Feeding Strategy

Good nutrition is essential for dairy cows to ensure healthy milk production. To increase cow milk production, it is important to provide balanced feed and optimize cow comfort. Start cows with a successful dry period, and prevent subclinical milk fever. Optimize feed intake immediately after calving, and maintain rumen health to prevent ruminal acidosis. High producing dairy cows need 4 kg of concentrate feed a day, and should have variety in their diet. Small holding farmers should ensure their cows are getting the right nutrition for optimal milk production. Self-sufficiency in feed production is an important factor for future development programs. All these strategies can help to increase cow milk production naturally.

Supplement Feed with Vitamins and Minerals

Feeding dairy cows the right amount of vitamins and minerals is critical for their health, growth and milk production. A meta-regression analysis showed that providing extra minerals and vitamins before calving and throughout lactation can enhance lactation performance. Dairy cows need adequate amounts of feed to cover their maintenance, growth and milk production. This includes fibre, water, minerals and vitamins such as calcium, biotin, salt and fat. Calcium is especially important as a milking cow needs three times more than a non-milking cow. Biotin also plays an important role in milk production as it increases the production of glucose in the cow which leads to higher milk yields. Finally, salt is needed in the ration; a milking cow should receive 3 to 4 oz per day.

Utilize Herbal Supplements

Increasing cow milk production naturally using herbal supplements is a popular choice for many farmers. Fenugreek, fennel, alfalfa, blessed thistle, brewer’s yeast, moringa and shatavari are some of the herbs that have been shown to increase milk supply. Additionally, supplementing cows with Feed Fatty Supplement (FFS) during mid-lactation has been associated with increased lactation performance. Bovine somatotropin (bST) is an animal drug approved by the FDA that can also be used to increase milk production in dairy cows. Herbal extracts can improve subclinical ketosis in dairy cows and the use of herbal preparations can result in an average increase of 11.8 liters of milk per day. Finally, using ready-made natural products for mastitis prevention has become more popular among Dutch farmers.

Offer Free Choice Salt Lick Blocks

Salt is a vital component of any dairy cow’s diet. Champion’s Choice® Salt, available in block, brick or lick form, can provide the perfect amount of sodium for cows in both lactation and non-lactation periods. During lactation, inadequate sodium intake can lead to decreased milk production. Calcium requirements are also higher for milking cows, as they need three times more calcium than a 650 kg non-producing cow.

Offering animals their required amount of salt can be done through many ways, such as providing them with salt licks or blocks. A recent study has shown that dairy cows with a higher ratio of salt blocks to milk production showed an increase in milk yield by 12.8%.

Nutrition plays an important role in a cow’s ability to produce milk. Protein is necessary for muscle growth and maintenance and carbohydrates are essential for energy production. If a cow is not getting enough nutrition then her production will suffer regardless of her breeding capabilities.

For those looking for natural ways to promote healthy growth and production in their animals, Nevlers Himalayan Salt may be the answer. This type of salt offers the same benefits as traditional block or lick salts but is all natural and free from additives or chemicals.

Keep the Cow Comfortable

Good cow comfort and nutrition are essential for dairy cows to maintain their milk production after calving. Cows should be kept in a fresh group for 14 to 21 days, and should have 30 to 36 inches of bunk space per cow in order to reduce social stress. Feeding cows dry matter such as hay or silage rather than green or fresh grass can help boost milk production, and providing 20-25 kgs of green fodder is also beneficial. Additionally, having a constant supply of good water available is essential for maintaining milk yield. Each unit change in ratio of stalls-to-cows increased milk production by 7.5%, so giving cows the proper environment and nutrition can be very beneficial.

Monitor the Health of Your Cows Regularly

When it comes to dairy cows, heat abatement is key during the dry period and after calving in order to minimize the effects of heat stress on milk production. At the same time, cow physiology demands a greater calcium intake at peak milk production. Health monitoring of dairy cattle is essential for increasing global supply of dairy products, and proper feeding management can help boost production and keep cows healthy. Feeding strategies have been proved to increase milk yield, with world cow milk production expected to reach between 810 and nearly 1000 litres per day in some cases. Technologies such as artificial insemination are also being used to improve milk yields, with a beef-suckler cow producing around 4 litres a day compared to an average 28 litres for a dairy cow. Finally, providing comfortable environments for cows is essential for reducing stress and maximizing milk production as well as animal well-being.

Increase Roughage Intake Slowly

Proper feeding is essential for optimizing production and profitability in dairy cows. A nutritionally balanced diet should include a gradual increase in grain intake from 1-2% of body weight. This will help to maximize peak milk production. In addition to this, thyroprotein, T4, or T3 can be fed to lactating cows to further increase their milk production. Other carbohydrates such as starch and fibre can also contribute to increased dry matter intake and milk yield. Heat production per cow should be taken into consideration when managing high-producing cows, especially during hot weather periods. The goal of dairy nutrition is to ensure maximum milk production and health of the cows, while maintaining an economical production system. Nutrition also influences the quantity and composition of milk fat, so attention should be paid to the macronutrient levels in the diet of dairy cows. With proper feeding management, dairy farmers can ensure that their herd is producing at its optimal level while also staying healthy.

Monitor Milk Output Closely

Maximising milk production is essential for successful dairy farming. There are several strategies to improve peak milk yield, such as starting cows with a successful dry period and gradually increasing grain intake from about 1% of body weight to 2%. Additionally, improving milk production efficiency will lead to improved farm profitability. Technologies such as artificial insemination (AI) and cow comfort management can also help increase production. To ensure maximum returns on investment, farmers should take advantage of these techniques and ensure their cows have the best environment for optimal performance.

Change Cow Diet According to Seasonal Changes

High-quality pasture is a key factor in improving milk production for cows. In Australia, cows grazing tropical grass and legume pastures have seen an increase in milk production from 3,600 to 4,150 kg/cow when fed with a protein-rich supplement. The mean milk production was 6.39 liters/cow/day (SD = 3.5). Feeding Calliandra and Sesbania to cows has also been associated with higher milk yields. Cows cooled with sprinkling and ventilation are found to consume more food, less water and produce more milk, fat, and protein. Seasonal changes in day length can also have a huge impact on milk production, ranging from 5 lb/cow/day in the northern United States. Breeding and genetic improvement of dairy cows is one way to increase their milk production per cow. Additionally, large-scale imports of complementary feed ingredients from other continents can help improve animal nutrition for high producing dairy cows which require a large daily nutrient intake to sustain their milk production at a high level. Failing to provide the animal with the right nutrition can result in lower levels of milk production; therefore it is important that animals receive proper nutrition through balanced diets of grazed grass or feed supplements when necessary. Finally, seasonal climate conditions are known to affect the milk production of ruminants and dairy sheep which reflects changes in their yield due to fluctuations in temperature or day length.

Limit Stress for Your Cows

To ensure successful dry periods for dairy cows, there are some important steps to follow. Firstly, supplementing with Chromium-Methionine during the periparturient period can help improve feed intake and milk yield. Secondly, it is important to keep the cow away from other milking cows to avoid serious over-conditioning which can reduce total feed intake. Additionally, free water intake increases as milk production does and when the cow is in a hot environment. Research has found that milking cows start to decrease milk production when the temperature-humidity index (THI) exceeds 68. In addition, increasing Dry Matter (DM) Intake from 16.2 kg/day to 19.6 kg/day can increase milk production from 17.6 kg/day to 20.2 kg/day on average. Finally, a recent study tested whether OmniGen would reduce overall body temperature and increase milk yields of cows – the results showed promising results in both areas.

Create an Optimal Environment for Milking

For dairy farmers looking to maximize their return on investment, successful dry periods are essential for cows to produce high-yielding milk. A cow’s diet should provide them with the right nutrition in order to maximize milk production. In temperate regions of Europe, the lowest cost feed for milk production is grazed pasture. To increase sustainability, future dairy farms must become smarter and more profitable, ensuring a steady flow of raw materials like nutrients. Milk and other dairy products have been touted as “the perfect food” and have been used to increase milk yield in cows. Additionally, regulating the cow’s exposure to light has also been found to help boost production. Finally, when breeding dairy cows, the aim should be a calf each year while still ensuring that they produce a high amount of milk.

Maintain Cleanliness in the Dairy Barn

Good milking practices are essential for successful dairy farming. Proper nutrition and cow cleanliness are key aspects of cow health, comfort and milk quality. Dry periods should be started successfully to ensure the animal’s health and milk production. The stalls should also be checked regularly to maintain cleanliness and a comfortable environment for the cows.

There are three main types of milking systems: pipeline, parlors, and robotics. Each system requires attention to maintaining the equipment in good condition to ensure quality milk production. Cows should be provided with sufficient drinking water each day; on average 91.1 liters is needed per cow per day. Additionally, deep beds of sand should be groomed during each milking session to remove soiled sand and manure.

Cows with high somatic cell counts (SCC) should be sorted out and milked last in order to avoid contamination of other milk supplies. Following these practices will help ensure a successful dairy operation that produces high quality milk safely for consumers.

Provide Adequate Rest Periods for Cows

Increasing the time between milkings can improve milk production in dairy cows. Resting for 12 to 14 hours a day is important for high-producing cows, and they should receive adequate feed to maintain body condition and optimise milk solids production. Dairy cows are generally artificially inseminated and must have one calf annually in order to produce milk for 10 months of the year. Studies have shown that increasing the ratio of stalls-to-cows by one unit will increase daily milk yield per cow by 7.5 kg. Dairy cows require adequate rest and most of their feeding activity occurs around the time of fresh feed delivery and when they return from milking. To increase production and productivity, the feeding manger should be large enough to accommodate all cows at once.

Conclusion

High producing dairy cows need a nutrient-dense diet to meet their needs for milk production. Carbohydrates and amino acids are essential for maintaining milk fat concentration, and research has shown that increasing the amount of amino acids absorbed from the small intestine can boost milk output. Additionally, exposure to light is important for improving milk production as well. Milking cows three times a day and using automatic takeoffs on milking units are common practices in traditional dairy farms. Dairy farmers can also improve milk production by using corn distillers dried grains with solubles (CDDGS) or a combination of CDDGS with medium-roasted soybean meal as substitutes for concentrate in lactating cattle diets. A biologically normal feeding programme is necessary to achieve optimal body growth, organ development, and breast milk is still the best food choice for infants during their digestive tract maturation. Finally, augmenting cow’s milk production is an integral part of improving dairy farm profitability. Forage resources and limited available feed mean that farmers must carefully balance their cows’ diets to ensure maximum output.

Are you a farmer looking to increase your cow milk yield? Are you interested in learning more about the Cholistani cow, one of the world’s most productive dairy breeds? If so, this blog post is for you! We’ll discuss the benefits of raising Cholistani cows, as well as tips and tricks for maximizing your milk yield.

Introduction

The Cholistani cows are a large-sized, flabby breed that originates from the Cholistan Desert area of Pakistan. They are known to produce 15-18 liters of milk per day, making them very efficient dairy animals. Average body weight is around 450-500 kg and they require a moderate level of nutrition. The udder is medium-sized with a lactation yield ranging from 1200 to 1800 liters per lactation period. Crossbreeding has been adopted in Pakistan to increase the milk production of these non-descript indigenous cows which are related to both Bos indicus and Bos taurus breeds. Heat stress can reduce the amount of milk produced by these animals, so farmers must take care to ensure that their cows are properly managed and given adequate fertility treatments. An elite specimen of a brown speckled Cholistani cow has been maintained by the Government Jugaitpir and can yield up to 18 liters of milk per day.

Understanding Cow Anatomy

The Govt. Livestock Farm in Jugaitpeer, Bahawalpur is home to an elite specimen of the Cholistani cow which yields up to 15-18 liters of milk per day. During the 2000s, the milk production from both cows and buffaloes in Pakistan increased drastically due to an unknown mechanism. A Holstein calf typically weighs 80-110 lbs at birth and a mature Holstein cow can weigh up to 1,300-1,500 lbs. Milk yield from these cows can reach up to 7200-9000 kgs per lactation period. Paul Ehrlich is known as the “Father of Immunology” and he discovered antibody production, humoral theory, acid fast staining and skipping one milking to show that a cow may become refractory or fail to display milk yield (3-5%). Giemsa stain from milk sample of cattle and buffaloes was also used to understand the cluster based system which measured milk yield and electrical conductivity during milking in order to monitor cow health. Analysis of 8 dairy cows showed that their parity averaged 3.2±0.6 with a milk yield of 40±3 kg/d and a Days in Milk (DIM) value of 289±29.4 kg.

Factors Affecting Milk Yield in Cholistani Cows

Results from a study of 374 crossbred cows, consisting of Friesian and Sahiwal/Cholistani breeds, revealed that the average milk yield was 44,967 kg per year. An elite specimen of a brown speckled Cholistani cow at the Govt. Jugaitpir Farm had an impressive milk yield of 15-18 L per day. Factors such as season of calving, period of calving, cow and parity were found to affect the milk yield. Furthermore, the heritability of lactation persistency in Sahiwal cows was found to be very high. Actual lactation milk yield for three Sahiwal and Cholistani cows was 1385 ± 46, 1121 ± 92 and 1792 ± 100 L respectively.

Feeding Habits of Cholistani Cows

The livestock population in Pakistan was estimated to be 12,09528 in 2006, with 47% of this population being cattle. Cholistani cattle make up a significant portion of the dairy industry in Pakistan and have seen improvements in their feeding and breeding management as well as culling to increase their milk yield. The average daily milk yield for Cholistani cows is 8.72 litres, while other breeds like Red Sindhi and Mahi contribute 0.43% to the organized sector of milk production. In order to meet the increasing demands for food, energy efficient pasteurization plants are needed that can cater to buffaloes and Sahiwal and Cholistani breeds of cattle. The Government Jugaitpir Farm has a highly productive elite specimen of a brown speckled Cholistani cow with 15-18 litres per day for milking purposes.

Quality and Nutritional Content of Cholistani Cow Milk

Cholistani cattle are an elite breed of dairy cattle found in Pakistan. They have medium-sized udders with milk yields varying from 1200 to 1800 litres per lactation. Their average body weight is between 450 and 500 kilograms. Cholistani cows produce between 15 and 18 liters of milk a day, which is maintained at the Chaptel Nutrition Dairy Feed Wanda.

There is a close relationship between Cholistani cattle, Bos indicus, and Bos taurus. Selection of this breed has been used to improve milk production in buffaloes and local dairy cattle breeds such as Sahtwal, Dhanni, Dajal and Rojhan. Studies have shown that potential milk production losses from each cow infected with SCM can be as high as 2 points. Furthermore, a 0.2 point mutation has been observed in the Cholistani cow breed and a 0.5 point replacement in terms of quality food into energy-dense fat for better milk quality.

Serum testosterone levels have also been observed in black-spotted Cholistani bulls; levels range from 6.9 to 0.3 ng/mL. The effect of udder health on milk quantity, quality, and production attributes such as heat stress on production has also been studied in Cholistani cows using the Probe EC count-meter CT-3031 to measure EC while the quality of milk was measured by Probe Multivariate analysis of Cholistani cattle in Punjab District

Maintaining Optimal Health Conditions for Cholistani Cows

The Cholistani cow is a breed indigenous to Pakistan and is known for its high milk yield of 15-18 liters per day. This was reported in an extensive study conducted between 1984-1999 at the Government Livestock Farm, Jugaitpeer in Bahawalpur. The IFCN researchers also reported on the local Sahiwal, Cholistani and Red Sindi cattle breeds. In order to improve milk production, F1 cross-bred cows are supplied with exotic dairy animals. Keeping in mind the prevailing climatic conditions, a brown speckled Cholistani cow was used for this study and it produced an average lactation yield of 1029.68 kgs. According to Annexure-6 (Guideline for Maintaining Animal Health), there was no association between breeding values for lactation milk yield some productive and reproductive traits of Cholistani cows maintained at the farm. In 2008, a research was conducted on male calves fed fattening ration under milk marketing chain which showed that average lactation yield of Sahiwal cows is 2325 kilo grams. Thus it can be concluded that the Cholistani cow is primarily used for milk production and has proven to be a successful breed over time.

Breeding Practices for Maximum Milk Yields

A retrospective study on milk production and reproductive performance of dairy cattle in a farm in Pakistan found that, although the milk solids yields of both pure-breds were similar, the milk solids yield of the first cross Jersey was the best. Under the current methods, maximum milk yield was recorded for the fourth parity at 1615 ± 103 L. Milk production average for Red Sindhi was similar to earlier studies. Herd average milk yields were 1,702 and 2,064 litres for Sahiwal cows with a production of 29.4 litres. Crossbreeding between Friesian and Jersey cattle has become popular to increase milk-production and more than two million no specific breed of beef-cattle is present. The least squares means for daily milk yield was 8.72 ± 0.18 liters with β-casein gene being highly present in Cholistani cattle breed of Pakistan. Breeding index and Milk performance index suggest that 1500 kg of milk yield at peak lactation could be achieved by improved breeding methods and societies for buffalo and cattle as well as Smallholder Dairy Farmer Cooperatives are active in Sri Lanka to promote breeding practices amongst farmers.

Vaccination Programs for Cholistani Cows

Pakistan has a long history of working with cattle in order to increase milk production and to raise healthier, more productive animals. This includes the use of the Cholistani cow, a breed of Sahiwal cow which produces above normal quantities of milk. The Government Jugaitpir recently established an elite specimen of a brown speckled Cholistani cow with a milk yield of 15-18 L per day for research purposes. This project is also part of an effort to establish a milk supply chain in 10 Districts of Punjab.

In addition, there have been other initiatives taken to improve the quality and yield of dairy-draft or beef-draft breeds. These include progeny testing, fat % evaluation, vaccination and deworming programs as well as feeding cows total mixed rations. The goal is to create cows with consistent milk yields and better fertility or health levels.

Overall, Pakistan has been working hard to improve its cattle breeds over the years in order to produce higher yields and healthier livestock. It is hoped that these efforts will continue in order to ensure a successful dairy industry for years to come.

Monitoring and Tracking Cow Performance

The adoption of automated and real-time monitoring systems for cattle is making meat and milk production more efficient. Through genetic selection, cows are producing more milk in shorter cycles, resulting in more lactations and calves per lifetime. The repeatability estimates for milk yield, lactation length and dry period were 0.162, 0.152 and 0.163 respectively. Staphylococci can affect somatic cell count (SCC) and persistent intramammary infection (IMI) without affecting milk yield or composition. Monitoring milk production and composition during the first few months of lactation can be beneficial in assessing herd performance. Cholistani cows are an elite specimen of brown speckled cattle with a milk yield of 15-18 liters per lactation cycle, as well as other performance factors such as dry period, service period, fat percentage in milk, etc. Average total costs of milk production for buffalo and cow have been estimated at Rs 12835 and Rs 8451 respectively. Various pest control measures for pulse crops such as laser land leveling, irrigation systems etc., have also been employed to improve livestock productivity.

Best Practices to Increase Milk Yields in Cholistani Cows

Cholistani cows are an excellent source of dairy production due to their high quality milk yield and good fat content for human consumption. At the Livestock Production Research Institute in Bahadurnagar, Okara, the Cholistani crossbred cows produce a good first lactation yield. Studies have shown that compared to 10 month lactations, cows with lower peak milk yields can lose 20-160L of milk over 9 months of milking. Cholistani cattle contain β-casein, which is the second most abundant protein in cow’s milk, and is highly polymorphic. A pre-feasibility study was conducted to establish a Dairy Cattle Farm with increased per cow milk production through state of the art farm management. This study also looked at the effect of subclinical mastitis on milk production in Cholistani Cattle. Friesian and Jersey breeds were used for improved milk production, but since no specific beef breeds are present in Pakistan, Cholistanis are used instead. From 1996 to 2002, there was a 17% increase in milk production in Punjab, thanks to local Sahiwal, Cholistani and Red Sindi cattle breeds.

Managing Resources and Labor Costs Efficiently

Cow milk production is a profitable farming activity in irrigated areas of Sindh and mountainous-AJK, with benefit-cost ratios of 1.5. To further increase milk production, a pre-feasibility for setting up a Dairy Cattle Farm has been proposed, which would include state of the art farm management. Previous findings have found that improved reproductive management can lead to increased milk yields per animal.

In 2013-14, milk production in Pakistan increased by 3.2%, while meat production rose by 4.5%. However, animal productivity remains low and needs to be managed effectively, as concentrate feeding is the main cost item for cow milk production in irrigated areas. In Nepal, 1.38 million tons of milk were produced during the 2000s.

SAARC member countries must ensure the sustainable management of their beef cattle and buffalo genetic resources in order to increase yield efficiency and productivity. By understanding their production data and introducing market reforms, this can be achieved more efficiently.

Controlling Parasites and Diseases in Dairy Herds

Dairy farming is an important industry around the world. In order to improve the quality of milk and overall yield, cattle breeders are constantly researching ways to increase production. Nili-Ravi buffaloes, purebred Sahiwal and crossbred cattle are some of the most popular breeds in the dairy industry. Research has shown that grazing reduces foot and leg problems for dairy cows, but can also lower their milk production. Fortunately, there are strategies available to farmers to help improve udder health and reduce inbreeding in dairy cattle breeding programmes. For example, local consultants have developed reports on livestock disease control which focus on increasing milk yield, lactation length and dry period for cows.

The Cholistani cattle breed is popular in Pakistan as its considered an ancestor of the Sahiwal breed. This breed is known for its high lactation yields and fat percentages in milk. Short-term strategies such as improved nutrition have been known to increase their milk production significantly over the past 10 years. Additionally, research has shown that β-casein type found in Cholistani cattle can be used as a parameter when selecting cows with better milk quality and yield. In conclusion, dairy farmers can use a variety of techniques ranging from grazing to improved nutrition to help increase their cows’ production safely while also reducing diseases like mastitis common among dairy herds.

Utilizing Technology to Improve Dairy Management

Precision Dairy Farming is a modern technology used to measure physiological, behavioral, and production indicators in individual animals. Utilizing this system in combination with RFID technology can generate a cow’s complete milking history and enable higher milk production than traditional grazing practices. For indigenous breeds such as the Sahiwal and Red Sindhi, the primary breeding objective is milk yield and quality. With Cholistani, the focus is on producing male calves. The proposed pre-feasibility is for establishing a Dairy Cattle Farm in Selangor, Malaysia with the aim of increasing national milk production through state of the art farm management. An elite specimen of a brown speckled Cholistani cow (Figure 1) has been reported to produce 15–18 L per day at Govt. Jugaitpir. Milk production can be predicted using large-scale data from dairy herd improvement databases which can also act as biomarkers for good farm management. A study was conducted to determine the factors affecting 305-day milk yield of dairy cattle using Regression Tree Analysis which found that double cropping did not result in improved milk yield or components per cow, indicating that other management factors are more important than simply using double cropping for increased milk production.

Conclusion

The Cholistani cow is an indigenous cattle breed native to the Cholistan region of Pakistan. This breed is renowned for its milk yield and reproductive traits, with an average milk yield of 1,000 liters per annum. A recent study conducted on this breed showed that teat length, teat end to floor distance and milk yield were risk factors associated with mastitis in Cholistani cows. An elite specimen of a brown speckled Cholistani cow maintained at Govt. Livestock Farm, Jugaitpeer, Bahawalpur has a milk yield of 15-18 liters per day. The least squares means for milk yield, lactation length and dry period were 1029.68 kg ± 44.35, 209.47 days ± 11.14 and 237.87 days respectively (Figure 1). Friesian X Sahi-wal/Cholistani crossbred cows maintained at the Livestock Production Research Institute in Bahadurnagar (Okara) also show good results in terms of average milk yield (2-3 lit/day). In order to improve the milk production of dairy cattle breeds such as Sahiwal and Cholistani, RCCSC Sire based selection can be used effectively.